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   Web Issue 3240 September 7 2008   
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Take care not to disparage antidepressants

As the Scottish division of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, we have been interested in the media's reporting of Kirsch and Moncrieff's article suggesting that "antidepressants are no better than sugar pills".

For years, popular culture over-hyped the effectiveness of antidepressant drugs such as Prozac. Excitable coverage about a "Prozac nation" taking "happy pills" to be "better than well" had little relation to the research base suggesting that they were beneficial to people with depression. It now looks as if the media pendulum is swinging in the opposite direction. But we should take care not to disparage antidepressants inappropriately.

It is unacceptable that drug companies should conceal negative findings from clinical trials, and we welcome new research published in the Public Library of Science that reveals this hitherto hidden information.

But the "new" findings that hit the headlines this week aren't much different from what has been known for years, and published by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (Nice) in 2004: antidepressants are generally ineffective in mild depression, but often therapeutic in more severe illness. Psychological therapies will complement, rather than replace, drug treatment for many people. Although most people recover from depression, significant numbers have quite devastating illnesses where appropriate treatments, including drugs, could prevent depression from becoming chronic. There is the real risk, therefore, that imbalanced reporting could encourage those with serious illness to jettison treatments that work for them, or could discourage those with serious depression from seeking and accepting appropriate treatment.

Dr Tom Brown, Dr Premal Shah, Dr Michael Smith, Royal College of Psychiatrists, Scottish Division.

I was concerned by the front-page headline in The Herald which repeats an opinion that Prozac (fluoxetine, a new generation anti-depressant) may be a "waste of time for most" (February 26). Your dramatic headline runs the risk, at best, of causing confusion among the many patients in Scotland and elsewhere who feel benefit from such licensed medicines and, at worst, may prompt some to discontinue their medication, at considerable personal risk. So I would urge due caution over the interpretation of this recent review, at least until a proper critique has been sought from those in the UK who are best equipped to provide it, in this case the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency.

Professor A V P Mackay

I agree with Dr Colin Guthrie that the placebo effect has an honourable place in a general practitioner's therapeutic cupboard. I also hope that cognitive techniques that GPs use in short consultations and our relationship with patients have a therapeutic effect in depressive illness and anxiety disorders.

In fact, Dr Guthrie's high-cost comment is not now the case. When Prozac and other SSRI compounds were first prescribed more than 20 years ago, they cost the NHS £22 per month at standard dose. Now, off-patent, the two most commonly prescribed modern antidepressant drugs cost between £15 and £25 in total for a nine-month course of treatment. As such, I suggest they are cost-effective placebos but should be prescribed with care and the response monitored.

Locally, here in Forth Valley, NHS patients can be offered an interactive computer-delivered treatment involving nine hour-long weekly sessions. This "Beating the Blues" cognitive behaviour therapy programme has been shown to be effective for moderate anxiety and depression.

With a delay from referral to commencing treatment of just two to three weeks, this a good option to be able to offer.

Dr Philip Gaskell, Allan Park Medical Practice

I feel the headline regarding ssri antidepressants was, at best, scare-mongering and, at worst, potentially detrimental to millions of patients in this country. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are prescribed to depressed patients based on gathered clinical evidence. There is no doubt in my mind that they work well in appropiate patients. I agree completely with non-pharmacological treatment also, but the two modalities are synergistic in a genuinely depressed patient.

May I also clarify that Efexor is not an SSRI but a Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitor (serotonin and noradrenaline are the chemicals thought to be most involved in depression). Many patients might, as a result of your coverage, stop complying with their medication and perhaps suffer worsening depressive symptoms or a physical withdrawal reaction. In my opinion, your coverage did not give a balanced view.

Dr Robert McGonigle

I fear Dr Guthrie's comments have not been helpful. The placebo effect is ill-understood except by those who study it in detail, and doctors are as guilty as anyone of using it in dismissive terms - "only a placebo" - ironic, since doctors are as likely to experience the placebo effect as the general public. Placebo effects are associated with the body's self-healing, the triggering of which is frequently our most potent weapon, but something we seem intrinsically sceptical of, preferring to rely on drug treatment. Dr Guthrie's comments on homeopathy seem in keeping with the "can't work, so doesn't work, so must be kiddology" school of thought.

With regard to Prozac, it is, in fact, very cheap, particularly since it came off patent, some time ago, and in my experience has well-tolerated side-effects. A little commented on phenomenom is the "nocebo effect", the dark twin of the placebo. There is an increased risk of problems if you believe something is bad to take or will do you harm. Given that depression and antidepressants are such emotionally loaded subjects, and the "just pick yourself up and get on with it" attitude prevails, it would not be rocket science to suggest this might have an impact As for green tonics, masquerading as medicines, it is partly this attitude that makes people distrustful of placebos, since they see themselves as being palmed off and patronised. Perhaps more honesty would be appropriate.

Trials rarely take into account the thoughts and feelings of patients, yet this is relevant to their behaviour and responses. We should, therefore, be careful with our interpretation of results.

Dr Martin R Innes, Ravenswood Surgery.

In the article about the concerns over the efficacy of the newer antidepressants, it was noted that GP prescriptions for antidepressants have risen over the years.

One area that could contribute to this is the increased recognition of depression by general practitioners. Concern has been expressed over the years that GPs were not picking up the signs and symptoms of depression in their patients.

Recognition and effective treatment of depression not only benefits individual patients but also improves the health of the nation.

Dr Gregor Purdie, Gardenhill Primary Care Centre, Castle-Douglas


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Posted by: Cynicus, Scotland on 1:12am Thu 28 Feb 08
It is good to see at least SOME quacks discussing "the placbo effect" in other than dismissive terms.
Posted by: Tony on 3:47pm Thu 28 Feb 08
The irresponsibility of the Herald's headline was in keeping with the a) generalised attack on doctors just now as on other public servants, and b) the persistent highlighting of "research results" that just so happen to suggest a lot of money could be cut from NHS budgets. We have had the same flurry over statins, the supposed needlessness to prescribe eg atorvastatin over simvastatin. The latter can cause cramp in a percentage of patients, requiring then the prescription of another statin in its place. Because simvastatin is now generic and cheaper, predictably NICE set off in pursuit of research that would show it was just as good.
Longterm antidepressant prescription was never advocated for mild depression or single instance reactive depression. The research, as a doctor points out, says nothing new. It was only the Herald's sensationalist headline that was something new, and it could even lead to suicides amongst those who go off their necessary medication because of it.
Posted by: chris walker, west kilbride on 3:52pm Thu 28 Feb 08
Tony

Informed comment sometimes causes confusion amidst the rhetoric of the hysterics. Nonetheless I am so glad you gave us your twopenceworth!
Posted by: ubergeek, glasgow on 7:30pm Thu 28 Feb 08
I dont think quacks ever dismissed the placebo effect - why ever do placebo controlled trials then?
you dont need to be cynicus all the time cynicus!
Posted by: Stan, Forres on 7:35pm Thu 28 Feb 08
In all the comment about these recent antidepressant study results I have yet to see anyone hit this nail precisely on its head. Let me try (scoffing retorts about quackery notwithstanding).
Most antidepressants are designed to try to increase the amount of the 'feel-good' neurotransmitter serotonin available in the synapses between nerve cells. But, asked the little boy, what's the reason for the lack of enough serotonin to do the job normally in the first place?
The little boy - who the day before commented innocently on the emperor's new clothes - has a good point, which brings up the importance of nutrition in this issue, besides the only alternative to antidepressant drugs that the mainstream medical profession seems to acknowledge, of cognitive behaviour therapy. And that approach to the issue doesn't highlight just the dietary deficiency factor; it highlights the importance of the research knowledge of such as naturopaths to be complementing the allopathic approach to medicine.
For example. Pregnancy puts a particular strain on the mother's needs for vitamin B6. (A symptom of this deficiency is morning sickness.) A lack of this nutrient results in the transformation of an amino acid called tryptophan into a substance called xanthurenic acid. This latter substance results in damage to the pancreatic cells which secrete insulin and can result in diabetes. But in the current context, the most important aspect of this biochemical factor is the resultant loss of tryptophan, which just so happens to be a precursor to - ta dah! - serotonin. For the want of a nail...The drugs try artificially to increase the amount of serotonin in the synapses; how much more intelligent is it to look at what is causing the deficiency of serotonin in the first place, and treat the matter there?
That deficiency can be due to a dietary deficiency in tryptophan; it can also be due to the above biochemical process, ie, a drawdown of vitamin B6 levels. Same result: postnatal depression. More effective answer: different treatment, the nutritional therapy approach getting closer to the causative level of the condition than the artificial approach of drug therapy, which merely masks what is, after all, a symptom, not a disease.
No wonder the drug therapy hasn't actually been doing as much help as advertised - and is doing in point of fact actual damage, with its side effects beginning to come more to the fore, in the form of suicides and mass shootings. (The brain doesn't work quite the way the medical profession thinks it does. Their SSRI/drug approach entrains feelings. Negative feelings can get magnified.) All of which is to say that it's time and past to get back to basics. Allopathic medicine has done a lot of good, and, the drug approach to health treatment needs to be complemented with more specific knowledge about/training in nutritional factors.
And there are other such causes of depression as well, eg, a wonky thyroid (which can be caused by fluoride displacing the iodine, or an insufficiency of dietary iodine in the first place; where the most intelligent treatment would be to prescribe Lugol's solution, not merely go for the drug fix indefinitely of thyroid hormones); an imbalance of essential fatty acids; etc etc ad nauseam. THIS IS IMPORTANT KNOWLEDGE. It's no longer good enough for it to be hidden from sight by the medical-pharmaceutic
al complex pushing its wares, and rubbishing any other approach to the art of healing. Get together, or move over. It's time for a change.
Posted by: People Power, Glasgow on 8:05am Sat 1 Mar 08

Stan,

I highly agree with you - this situation we are living in today where anti-biotics are the cure to all ills, and anti-depressants the answer to all our problems is utter poppycock, and all propaganda thrown at us in clever marketing by the drugs companies, all more desperate to get our money, than genuinely see us feel well within ourselves.

I also feel that placebos have a strong role to play for those who present with a less defined type of depression - where they go asking for the anti-depressant ; without the realisation they have to do alot of the work to get better too.

The focus is always far too negative, on the ill effects, the side effects the drawbacks and problems we all have when suffering from depression or combined depression / anxiety,

What we need to do is to see that with better insight into our spiritual make up, knowledge of ourselves, and who we are as people, a stronger sense of self worth, value, purpose, future goals, and a feeling of recognition from those closest to us all help far more than any drug can.

It is with better teaching in schools, love, encouragement and support at a young age that people avoid the emotional rollercoaster, or "nervous breakdown" later in life. Many of us can have a negative experience in childhood which if not dealt with can fester, and eat away at us for decades and decades.

With a more solid grounding, stability and ground rules, discipline, as well as praise - love in equal measure from each parent - in an ideal world we can all turn out well adjusted and comfortable with our innerselves.

Yes - depression can be clinical - but for alot more people they cannot address the triggers of their "reactive" depression or change their lifestyle to adapt to the ever faster pace of the work & home environment.

People need to be far more pro-active in their lives - to help themselves with non - medical solutions - herbal remedies, aromatherapy, reiki, yoga, tai chi, exercise, reflexology, hypnotherapy the alternative options may seem more pricey compared to taking a pill, but being able to feel more clear headed, not drugged up has to be better.

Getting natural highs from exercise, and adrenaline inducing activities & sports also has to be alot better - and of course for anybody in a committed and loving relationship, nothing is better than feeling truly loved, and accepted for who "You" are, not what you are, and what could be more natural and theraputic than making love.

Posted by: ubergeek, glasgow on 7:38pm Sun 2 Mar 08
people power - first of all, i dont think you will find any proper doctor who subscribes to the notion that antibiotics are the cure to all ills or antidepressants are the answer to life, the universe and everything. Antibiotics are only useful for bacterial infections. It is quite clear that antidepressants are only useful for more severe forms of depression. Other than that exercise and CBT are recommended for first line, mild forms of depression. So please dont worry because the evil drug companies dont have quite the power which you seem to think they do.
Also note herbal remedies also contain active ingredients which have side effects eg arsenic in somany chinese herbal medications.
And reflexology? Utter p****
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